{"id":56773,"date":"2021-05-26T15:15:53","date_gmt":"2021-05-26T06:15:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/avinton.com\/?page_id=56773"},"modified":"2021-05-27T17:08:37","modified_gmt":"2021-05-27T08:08:37","slug":"infrastructure-server-components","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/avinton.com\/en\/academy\/infrastructure-server-components\/","title":{"rendered":"Infrastructure (server components, RAID)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">IT infrastructure refers to a variety of areas. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">It could be a physical machine, network, OS, database, cloud, etc&#8230;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">However, one thing in common is that most services rely on IT infrastructure and these infrastructures must not stop working by accident. Otherwise, users won&#8217;t be able to use the services and there will be a (costly) problem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In this section, we are going through how the system works in the background by looking at server components.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>Physical server (bare-metal server)<\/h2>\n<p>Physical servers include many hardware components. However, most of the servers have main components like CPU, GPU, RAM, storage (HDD, SSD), and power supply unit. This is how a server looks on the inside:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-56791 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/server_component1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"981\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/server_component1.jpg 981w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/server_component1-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/server_component1-355x167.jpg 355w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 981px) 100vw, 981px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-55148 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Standard-1U-Server.jpg\" alt=\"Physical server (bare-metal server) components\" width=\"512\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Standard-1U-Server.jpg 512w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Standard-1U-Server-300x236.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Standard-1U-Server-213x167.jpg 213w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>Virtual Server (Virtual Machine)<\/h2>\n<p>Virtual Servers have their hardware components as software. You can easily deploy server instances on your PC if you use virtualization software. Virtual Servers can be divided into 3 types below.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-56776 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/virtual_servers_software.jpg\" alt=\"Virtual Server (Virtual Machine) infrastructure\" width=\"651\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/virtual_servers_software.jpg 651w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/virtual_servers_software-300x88.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/virtual_servers_software-355x105.jpg 355w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hosted type<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Host computers can create a guest virtual computer on it and provide the hardware resources. The guest computer is a completely separate and independent instance of an operating system and application software.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-56780 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/virtual_box_structure.png\" alt=\"Oracle VM VirtualBox components\" width=\"392\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/virtual_box_structure.png 392w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/virtual_box_structure-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/virtual_box_structure-285x167.png 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" \/><br \/>\n(Ex: VirtualBox, VMware Workstation, VMware Fusion)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypervisor<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A hypervisor is a kind of emulator. You can install hypervisor software on hardware instead of installing an operating system.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-56782 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ESXi.jpg\" alt=\"VMWare ESXi infrastructure\" width=\"219\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ESXi.jpg 219w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ESXi-154x167.jpg 154w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 219px) 100vw, 219px\" \/><br \/>\n(Ex: VMware vSphere)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Container<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A container is a standard unit of software that packages up code and all its dependencies so the application runs quickly and reliably from one computing environment to another.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-56786 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/container_app-1.jpg\" alt=\"Containerized applications overview\" width=\"630\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/container_app-1.jpg 630w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/container_app-1-300x247.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/container_app-1-203x167.jpg 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>(Ex: Docker)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>Server components<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-55138 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/NVME-SSD-Server-Chassis.jpg\" alt=\"Server components overview\" width=\"835\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/NVME-SSD-Server-Chassis.jpg 835w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/NVME-SSD-Server-Chassis-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/NVME-SSD-Server-Chassis-304x167.jpg 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>CPU<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A\u00a0central processing unit\u00a0(CPU) is the\u00a0electronic circuitry\u00a0that executes\u00a0instructions\u00a0comprising a\u00a0computer program. The CPU performs basic\u00a0arithmetic, logic, controlling, and\u00a0input\/output\u00a0(I\/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>GPU<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. It&#8217;s also used for AI work.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fan<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fans are attached inside a computer to cool down heated components. Fans are used to draw cool air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, and move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RAM<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>HDD (storage)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A hard disk drive (HDD) is an electromechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage and one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>SSD (storage)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A\u00a0solid-state drive\u00a0(SSD) is a\u00a0solid-state storage\u00a0device that uses\u00a0integrated circuit\u00a0assemblies to store data\u00a0persistently, typically using\u00a0flash memory, and functioning as\u00a0secondary storage\u00a0in the\u00a0hierarchy of computer storage.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Power supply unit<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A power supply unit converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer. There might be 2 units inside a Server for redundancy.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RAID controller<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A RAID controller is used for controlling a RAID array. It is the device for managing the physical disk drives for maintaining their functions. RAID controllers also work to control the disks in the RAID so that they work as the logical unit.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-56788 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/raid_controller.jpg\" alt=\"RAID controller\" width=\"883\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/raid_controller.jpg 883w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/raid_controller-300x95.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/raid_controller-355x113.jpg 355w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 883px) 100vw, 883px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>RAID<\/h2>\n<p>RAID is a storage virtualization technology. That combines multiple physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement. There are some kinds of RAID and they are shown below.<\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RAID 0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>RAID\u00a00\u00a0(also known as a\u00a0<i>stripe set<\/i>\u00a0or\u00a0<i>striped volume<\/i>) splits (&#8220;stripes&#8221;) data evenly across two or more disks, without\u00a0parity\u00a0information, redundancy, or\u00a0fault tolerance. Since RAID\u00a00 provides no fault tolerance or redundancy, the failure of one drive will cause the entire array to fail; as a result of having data striped across all disks, the failure will result in total data loss.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-55144 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/raid0-248x300.jpg\" alt=\"RAID 0 explanation\" width=\"248\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/raid0-248x300.jpg 248w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/raid0-138x167.jpg 138w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/raid0.jpg 432w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RAID 1<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>RAID\u00a01\u00a0consists of an exact copy (or\u00a0<i>mirror<\/i>) of a set of data on two or more disks; a classic RAID 1 mirrored pair contains two disks. This configuration offers no parity, striping of disk space across multiple disks since the data is mirrored on all disks belonging to the array.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-55140 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/radi1-214x300.jpg\" alt=\"RAID 1 explanation\" width=\"214\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/radi1-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/radi1-119x167.jpg 119w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/radi1.jpg 381w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RAID\u00a05<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>RAID 5 consists of block-level striping with distributed parity. Parity information is distributed among the drives. It requires that all drives but one be present to operate. Upon failure of a single drive, subsequent reads can be calculated from the distributed parity such that no data is lost.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Patterson_1994_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0RAID\u00a05 requires at least three disks.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-55142 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/radi5-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"RAID 5 explanation\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/radi5-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/radi5-234x167.jpg 234w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/radi5.jpg 731w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RAID 6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>RAID 6 extends RAID 5 by adding another parity block. It uses block-level striping with two parity blocks distributed across all member disks. As in RAID 5, there are many layouts of RAID 6 disk arrays depending upon the direction the data blocks are written, the location of the parity blocks with respect to the data blocks, and whether or not the first data block of a subsequent stripe is written to the same drive as the last parity block of the prior stripe.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-55146 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/raid6-300x175.jpg\" alt=\"RAID 6 explanation\" width=\"300\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/raid6-300x175.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/raid6-286x167.jpg 286w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/raid6.jpg 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0Speed<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0\/Fault tolerance<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0\/Cost<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">RAID 0<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u25ce<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00d7<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u3007<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">RAID 1<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00d7<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u3007<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u25b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">RAID 5<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u25b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u3007<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u3000\u25b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">RAID 6<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u3007<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u25ce<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\">\u00a0\u3000\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>Fetch-execute cycle of a program<\/h2>\n<p>1. The basic operation of a computer is called the &#8220;fetch execute cycle&#8221;. The CPU is designed to understand a set of instructions. The CPU fetches the instructions one at a time from RAM into the registers. One register is the program counter (pc). The PC holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched from the main memory.<\/p>\n<p>2. The CPU decodes the instruction at the control unit.<\/p>\n<p>3. The CPU executes the instruction at the arithmetic\/logic unit.<\/p>\n<p>4. Repeat until there are no more instructions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-55136 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fetch-Execute-Cycle.jpg\" alt=\"Fetch-Execute cycle of a program\" width=\"666\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fetch-Execute-Cycle.jpg 666w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fetch-Execute-Cycle-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avinton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Fetch-Execute-Cycle-226x167.jpg 226w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]IT infrastructure refers to a variety of areas. It could be a physical machine, network, OS, database, cloud, etc&#8230; However, one thing in common is that most services rely on IT infrastructure and these infrastructures must not stop working by accident. Otherwise, users won&#8217;t be able to use the services and there will be a<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/en\/academy\/infrastructure-server-components\/\" class=\"more\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13374,"parent":1906,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56773","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Infrastructure (server components, RAID) - Avinton Japan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this section, we are going through how an IT system works in the background by looking at server components.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/avinton.com\/en\/academy\/infrastructure-server-components\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Infrastructure (server components, RAID) - 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